Mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse yopangidwa ndi dzuwa.

Mphamvu ya dzuwa imapangidwa ndi nyukiliya fusion yomwe imachitika padzuwa.Kulumikizana kumachitika pamene mapulotoni a maatomu a haidrojeni amawombana mwamphamvu pakati padzuwa ndi fuyusi kuti apange atomu ya heliamu.

Njirayi, yomwe imadziwika kuti PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, imatulutsa mphamvu zambiri.Pakatikati pake, dzuŵa limaphatikiza matani pafupifupi 620 miliyoni a haidrojeni sekondi iliyonse.PP chain reaction imapezeka mu nyenyezi zina zomwe zili pafupi ndi dzuwa lathu, ndipo zimawapatsa mphamvu ndi kutentha kosalekeza.Kutentha kwa nyenyezi izi ndi pafupifupi madigiri 4 miliyoni pa sikelo ya Kelvin (pafupifupi madigiri 4 miliyoni Celsius, 7 miliyoni madigiri Fahrenheit).

Mu nyenyezi zomwe zimakhala zazikulu nthawi 1.3 kuposa dzuwa, kuzungulira kwa CNO kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu.Kuzungulira kwa CNO kumasinthanso haidrojeni kukhala helium, koma imadalira carbon, nitrogen, ndi oxygen (C, N, ndi O) kuti atero.Pakali pano, mphamvu zosachepera ziwiri pa zana za dzuwa zimapangidwa ndi CNO cycle.

Kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya ndi PP chain reaction kapena CNO cycle kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri monga mafunde ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.Mphamvu ya dzuwa imayenda mosalekeza kutali ndi dzuŵa ndi kumadera onse ozungulira dzuŵa.Mphamvu ya dzuwa imatenthetsa dziko lapansi, imayambitsa mphepo ndi nyengo, ndipo imachirikiza zamoyo za zomera ndi zinyama.

Mphamvu, kutentha, ndi kuwala kochokera kudzuwa kumayenda mozungulira ngati ma radiation a electromagnetic radiation (EMR).

Ma electromagnetic spectrum amapezeka ngati mafunde a ma frequency ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana.Kuchuluka kwa mafunde kumayimira kuchuluka kwa mafunde omwe amadzibwereza okha mu nthawi inayake.Mafunde okhala ndi mafunde amfupi kwambiri amadzibwereza kangapo pakanthawi kochepa, motero amakhala othamanga kwambiri.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mafunde otsika amakhala ndi mafunde aatali kwambiri.

Mafunde ambiri a electromagnetic ndi osawoneka kwa ife.Mafunde amphamvu kwambiri amene dzuŵa amatulutsa ndi cheza cha gamma, X-ray, ndi cheza cha ultraviolet (UV).Ma cheza owopsa kwambiri a UV amangotengeka ndi mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi.Kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa kuwala kwa UV kumayenda mumlengalenga, ndipo kumatha kuyambitsa kutentha kwadzuwa.

Dzuwa limatulutsanso kuwala kwa dzuwa, komwe mafunde ake ndi otsika kwambiri.Kutentha kwakukulu kochokera kudzuwa kumabwera ngati mphamvu ya infrared.

Sangweji pakati pa infrared ndi UV ndi mawonekedwe owoneka, omwe ali ndi mitundu yonse yomwe timawona padziko lapansi.Mtundu wofiira uli ndi mafunde aatali kwambiri (oyandikana kwambiri ndi infrared), ndipo violet (pafupi ndi UV) wamfupi kwambiri.

Natural Solar Energy

Greenhouse Effect
Mafunde a infrared, ooneka, ndi a UV omwe amafika pa dziko lapansi amatenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yotenthetsa dziko lapansi ndi kupangitsa kuti zamoyo zitheke—zomwe zimatchedwa “greenhouse effect.”

Pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya mphamvu za dzuwa zomwe zimafika padziko lapansi zimabwereranso mumlengalenga.Zina zonse zimalowetsedwa mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi.Ma radiation amatenthetsa padziko lapansi, ndipo pamwamba pake amatulutsa mphamvu zina m'malo mwa mafunde a infrared.Pamene zikukwera m’mlengalenga, zimagwidwa ndi mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi, monga nthunzi wamadzi ndi carbon dioxide.

Mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umasunga kutentha komwe kumabwereranso mumlengalenga.Mwanjira imeneyi, amakhala ngati makoma agalasi a wowonjezera kutentha.Kutentha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti Dziko lapansi likhale lofunda mokwanira kuti likhale ndi moyo.

Photosynthesis
Pafupifupi zamoyo zonse Padziko Lapansi zimadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti ipeze chakudya, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina.

Opanga amadalira mwachindunji mphamvu ya dzuwa.Amayamwa kuwala kwa dzuŵa n’kusandutsa zakudya m’thupi mwa njira yotchedwa photosynthesis.Opanga, omwe amatchedwanso autotrophs, amaphatikizapo zomera, algae, mabakiteriya, ndi bowa.Autotrophs ndiye maziko a intaneti yazakudya.

Ogula amadalira opanga zakudya.Zomera, nyama zodya nyama, omnivores, ndi zowononga zimadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa mosalunjika.Zitsamba zimadya zomera ndi zokolola zina.Carnivores ndi omnivores amadya onse opanga ndi herbivores.Ma detritivores amawola zinthu za zomera ndi zinyama pozidya.

Mafuta Otsalira
Photosynthesis imayambitsanso mafuta onse padziko lapansi.Asayansi akuyerekeza kuti pafupifupi zaka mabiliyoni atatu zapitazo, ma autotrophs oyamba adasinthika m'malo amadzi.Kuwala kwadzuwa kunkachititsa kuti zomera zizikula bwino komanso zizisintha.Ma autotrophs atamwalira, adawola ndikusunthira mozama padziko lapansi, nthawi zina masauzande a mita.Zimenezi zinapitirira kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

Pansi pa kupsyinjika kwakukulu ndi kutentha kwakukulu, zotsalirazi zinakhala zomwe timadziwa monga mafuta opangira mafuta.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tinakhala mafuta, gasi, ndi malasha.

Anthu apanga njira zopezera mafuta otsalirawa ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati mphamvu.Komabe, mafuta opangira mafuta ndi chinthu chosasinthika.Amatenga zaka mamiliyoni kuti apange.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za Solar

Mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi chinthu chongowonjezedwanso, ndipo matekinoloje ambiri amatha kukolola mwachindunji kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, mabizinesi, masukulu, ndi zipatala.Matekinoloje ena amphamvu adzuwa amaphatikiza ma cell a photovoltaic ndi mapanelo, mphamvu yadzuwa yokhazikika, komanso kamangidwe ka dzuwa.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zokokera ma radiation adzuwa ndikusandutsa kukhala mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito.Njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Matekinoloje amphamvu adzuwa amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi kapena zamakina kuti asinthe mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala mtundu wina wa mphamvu, nthawi zambiri kutentha kapena magetsi.Matekinoloje a dzuwa sagwiritsa ntchito zida zilizonse zakunja.M'malo mwake, amapezerapo mwayi pa nyengo yam'deralo kutenthetsa nyumba m'nyengo yozizira, ndikuwonetsa kutentha m'chilimwe.

Zithunzi za Photovoltais

Photovoltaics ndi mtundu waukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa womwe unapezedwa mu 1839 ndi wazaka 19 wazaka zaku France Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.Becquerel anapeza kuti pamene anaika silver-chloride mu mankhwala a asidi ndi kuuika ku kuwala kwa dzuwa, maelekitilodi a platinamu omwe amamangiriridwa pamenepo amapanga mphamvu yamagetsi.Njira yopangira magetsi kuchokera ku dzuwa imatchedwa photovoltaic effect, kapena photovoltaics.

Masiku ano, photovoltaics mwina ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa.Ma photovoltaic arrays nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapanelo adzuwa, gulu lambiri kapena mazana a ma solar.

Selo lililonse la dzuwa lili ndi semiconductor, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi silicon.Semiconductor ikayamwa kuwala kwa dzuwa, imagwetsa ma elekitironi.Malo amagetsi amawongolera ma elekitironi otayirirawa mu mphamvu yamagetsi, akuyenda mbali imodzi.Zolumikizana ndi zitsulo pamwamba ndi pansi pa selo la dzuwa zimatsogolera zomwe zilipo ku chinthu chakunja.Chinthu chakunja chikhoza kukhala chaching'ono ngati chowerengera chogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa kapena chachikulu ngati siteshoni yamagetsi.

Photovoltais idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamlengalenga.Ma satellite ambiri, kuphatikiza International Space Station (ISS), amakhala ndi "mapiko" owoneka bwino a mapanelo adzuwa.ISS ili ndi mapiko awiri a solar array (SAWs), iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito ma cell pafupifupi 33,000.Ma cell a photovoltaic awa amapereka magetsi onse ku ISS, zomwe zimalola akatswiri a zakuthambo kuti agwiritse ntchito siteshoniyi, amakhala motetezeka m'mlengalenga kwa miyezi ingapo, ndikuyesa kuyesa kwa sayansi ndi uinjiniya.

Malo opangira magetsi a Photovoltaic amangidwa padziko lonse lapansi.Masiteshoni akulu kwambiri ali ku United States, India, ndi China.Malo opangira magetsi amenewa amatulutsa ma megawati mazana ambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nyumba, mabizinesi, masukulu, ndi zipatala.

Ukadaulo wa Photovoltaic ukhoza kukhazikitsidwanso pamlingo wocheperako.Ma solar panels ndi ma cell amatha kukhazikika padenga kapena makoma akunja a nyumba, kupereka magetsi pamapangidwewo.Zitha kuikidwa m'mphepete mwa misewu yopita kumisewu yayikulu.Ma cell a dzuwa ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zing'onozing'ono, monga zowerengetsera, mita yoyimitsa magalimoto, makina ophatikizira zinyalala, ndi mapampu amadzi.

Mphamvu ya Concentrated Solar

Mtundu wina waukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa ndi mphamvu ya solar kapena concentrated solar power (CSP).Ukadaulo wa CSP umagwiritsa ntchito magalasi ndi magalasi kuyang'ana (kuwunikira) kuwala kwa dzuwa kuchokera kudera lalikulu kupita kudera laling'ono kwambiri.Kutentha kwamphamvu kumeneku kumatenthetsa madzimadzi, omwe amapangira magetsi kapena kuyambitsa njira ina.

Ng'anjo za dzuwa ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu ya dzuwa yokhazikika.Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ng'anjo zadzuwa, kuphatikiza ma solar power tower, parabolic troughs, ndi zowunikira za Fresnel.Amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi kuti agwire ndikusintha mphamvu.

Zida zamphamvu za dzuwa zimagwiritsa ntchito ma heliostats, magalasi osanja omwe amatembenukira kutsata mlengalenga wa dzuwa.Magalasiwo amapangidwa mozungulira “nsanja yosonkhanitsa” yapakati, ndipo amawunikira kuwala kwadzuwa kukhala kuwala komwe kumaunikira pamalo okhazikika pa nsanjayo.

M'mapangidwe am'mbuyomu a nsanja zopangira magetsi adzuwa, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumatenthetsa chidebe chamadzi, chomwe chimatulutsa nthunzi yomwe imayendetsa makina opangira magetsi.Posachedwapa, nsanja zina zamphamvu za dzuwa zimagwiritsa ntchito sodium yamadzimadzi, yomwe imakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndipo imasunga kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali.Izi zikutanthauza kuti madziwa samangofika kutentha kwa 773 mpaka 1,273K (500 ° mpaka 1,000 ° C kapena 932 ° mpaka 1,832 ° F), koma amatha kupitiriza kuwira madzi ndikupanga mphamvu ngakhale dzuwa siliwala.

Mapiritsi a Parabolic ndi Fresnel reflectors amagwiritsanso ntchito CSP, koma magalasi awo amapangidwa mosiyana.Magalasi a Parabolic ndi opindika, okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chishalo.Zowunikira za Fresnel zimagwiritsa ntchito timizere tating'onoting'ono ta galasi kuti tijambule kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikuwongolera pachubu lamadzimadzi.Zowunikira za Fresnel zimakhala ndi malo ochulukirapo kuposa machulukidwe am'madzi ndipo zimatha kuyang'ana mphamvu zadzuwa kuwirikiza pafupifupi 30 mphamvu yake yofananira.

Makina opangira magetsi oyendera dzuwa adayamba kupangidwa m'ma 1980.Malo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi mbewu zingapo m'chipululu cha Mojave m'chigawo cha US ku California.Dongosolo la Mphamvu Yopangira Mphamvu ya Solar (SEGS) limapanga magetsi opitilira 650 gigawati chaka chilichonse.Zomera zina zazikulu komanso zogwira mtima zapangidwa ku Spain ndi India.

Mphamvu yadzuwa yokhazikika ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pamlingo wocheperako.Itha kupangira kutentha kwa ma solar cookers, mwachitsanzo.Anthu a m’midzi padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito maphikidwe a sola kuwiritsa madzi a ukhondo ndiponso kuphika chakudya.

Zophikira dzuŵa zimakhala ndi ubwino wambiri kuposa mbaula zoyaka nkhuni: Siziwononga moto, sizitulutsa utsi, sizimafuna nkhuni, ndiponso zimachepetsa kutayika kwa malo okhala m’nkhalango kumene mitengo ingadulidwe kuti ikhale nkhuni.Zophika zopangira dzuŵa zimalolanso anthu a m’midzi kuti azipeza nthawi yophunzira, kuchita bizinezi, yathanzi, kapena ya banja panthaŵi imene poyamba inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa nkhuni.Zophikira dzuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera osiyanasiyana monga Chad, Israel, India, ndi Peru.

Zomangamanga za Solar

Patsiku lonse, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi gawo la kayendedwe ka kutentha, kapena kuyenda kwa kutentha kuchokera kumalo otentha kupita kumalo ozizira.Dzuwa likatuluka, limayamba kutentha zinthu ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi.Tsiku lonse, zinthu zimenezi zimatenga kutentha kwa dzuŵa.Usiku, dzuwa likamalowa ndipo mlengalenga wazizira, zinthuzo zimatulutsanso kutentha kwake mumlengalenga.

Njira zopangira mphamvu za dzuwa zimatengerapo mwayi pakutentha kwachilengedwe komanso kuziziritsa.

Nyumba ndi nyumba zina zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti igawitse kutentha moyenera komanso motsika mtengo.Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa "thermal mass" ya nyumba ndi chitsanzo cha izi.Kutentha kwapanyumba ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatenthedwa tsiku lonse.Zitsanzo za kutentha kwa nyumba ndi matabwa, zitsulo, konkire, dongo, miyala, kapena matope.Usiku, kutentha kwakukulu kumatulutsa kutentha kwake kubwerera m'chipinda.Mpweya wabwino—makhonde, mazenera, ndi tinjira ta mpweya—amagawa mpweya wofunda ndi kusunga kutentha kwapakati, kosasinthasintha m’nyumba.

Ukadaulo wa solar wopanda pake nthawi zambiri umakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka nyumba.Mwachitsanzo, pokonzekera ntchito yomanga, injiniya kapena mmisiri wa zomangamanga angagwirizanitse nyumbayo ndi njira ya dzuwa kuti ilandire kuwala kwadzuwa kochuluka.Njira imeneyi imaganizira za kutalika, kutalika, ndi kuphimba kwa mitambo komwe kuli malo enaake.Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba zimatha kumangidwa kapena kusinthidwanso kuti zikhale ndi kutsekemera kwamafuta, kuchuluka kwamafuta, kapena shading yowonjezera.

Zitsanzo zina za mamangidwe a dzuwa ndi madenga ozizira, zotchinga zowala, ndi madenga obiriwira.Denga loziziritsa limapakidwa utoto woyera, ndipo limaonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa m’malo molikoka.Malo oyera amachepetsa kutentha komwe kumafika mkati mwa nyumbayo, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimafunika kuti nyumbayo ikhale yozizira.

Zotchinga zowala zimagwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi madenga ozizira.Amapereka zotchingira ndi zinthu zowunikira kwambiri, monga zojambulazo za aluminiyamu.Chojambulacho chimawonetsa, m'malo motengera, kutentha, ndipo imatha kuchepetsa ndalama zoziziritsa mpaka 10 peresenti.Kuphatikiza pa madenga ndi attics, zotchinga zowala zitha kuyikidwanso pansi.

Madenga obiriwira ndi madenga omwe amakutidwa ndi zomera.Amafuna nthaka ndi ulimi wothirira kuti zithandizire zomera, ndi wosanjikiza madzi pansi.Madenga obiriwira samangochepetsa kutentha komwe kumatengedwa kapena kutayika, komanso kumapereka zomera.Kupyolera mu photosynthesis, zomera zomwe zili pa madenga obiriwira zimayamwa carbon dioxide ndi kutulutsa mpweya.Amasefa zowononga m'madzi amvula ndi mpweya, ndikuchotsa zina mwazotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'malo amenewo.

Denga lobiriwira lakhala mwambo ku Scandinavia kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo posachedwapa latchuka ku Australia, Western Europe, Canada, ndi United States.Mwachitsanzo, Ford Motor Company inaphimba masikweya mita 42,000 (450,000 square feet) a madenga ake opangira misonkhano ku Dearborn, Michigan, ndi zomera.Kuwonjezera pa kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wowonjezera kutentha, madengawo amachepetsa madzi a mkuntho mwa kuyamwa mvula ya masentimita angapo.

Madenga obiriwira ndi madenga ozizira amathanso kuthana ndi "chilumba cha kutentha kwa m'tawuni".M'mizinda yotanganidwa, kutentha kumatha kukhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa madera ozungulira.Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimachititsa zimenezi: Mizinda imamangidwa ndi zinthu monga phula ndi konkire zomwe zimayamwa kutentha;nyumba zazitali zimatchinga mphepo ndi kuzizira kwake;ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kutentha kumapangidwa ndi mafakitale, magalimoto, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu.Kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe alipo padenga kubzala mitengo, kapena kuwonetsa kutentha ndi madenga oyera, kungachepetse pang'ono kutentha kwapafupi m'madera akumidzi.

Mphamvu za Dzuwa ndi Anthu

Popeza kuti kuwala kwa dzuŵa kumangoŵala pafupifupi theka la tsiku m’madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, njira zamakono zopangira mphamvu ya dzuŵa ziyenera kuphatikizapo njira zosungira mphamvuzo m’nyengo yamdima.

Matenthedwe misa machitidwe ntchito parafini sera kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere kusunga mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha.Mawonekedwe a Photovoltaic amatha kutumiza magetsi ochulukirapo ku gridi yamagetsi amderalo, kapena kusunga mphamvu mumabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwa.

Pali zabwino ndi zoyipa zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Ubwino wake
Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndikuti ndi gwero losinthika.Tidzakhala ndi kuwala kokhazikika, kopanda malire kwa zaka mabiliyoni asanu.Mu ola limodzi, mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi umalandira kuwala kwadzuwa kokwanira kuti mphamvu ya magetsi ya munthu aliyense padziko lapansi ikhale kwa chaka chimodzi.

Mphamvu za dzuwa ndi zoyera.Pambuyo pomanga ndi kuyika zipangizo zamakono za dzuwa, mphamvu ya dzuwa imasowa mafuta kuti igwire ntchito.Komanso satulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kapena zinthu zapoizoni.Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zomwe timakhala nazo pa chilengedwe.

Pali malo omwe mphamvu ya dzuwa imakhala yothandiza.Nyumba ndi nyumba zomwe zili m'madera okhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso mitambo yochepa kwambiri zimakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri za dzuwa.

Zophika zopangira dzuŵa zimapereka njira yabwino kwambiri yophikira ndi mbaula za nkhuni—zomwe anthu mabiliyoni awiri amadalirabe.Zophika ndi dzuwa zimapereka njira yoyeretsera komanso yotetezeka yoyeretsera madzi ndi kuphika chakudya.

Mphamvu zadzuwa zimayenderana ndi magwero ena ongowonjezera mphamvu, monga mphepo kapena magetsi amadzi.

Nyumba kapena mabizinesi omwe amayika ma sola opambana amatha kupanga magetsi ochulukirapo.Eni nyumba awa kapena eni mabizinesi amatha kugulitsa mphamvu kwa wopereka magetsi, kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsera ndalama zamagetsi.

Zoipa
Cholepheretsa chachikulu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi zida zofunika.Zipangizo zamakono zamakono ndi zokwera mtengo.Kugula ndi kuyika zipangizozi kungawononge madola masauzande ambiri panyumba iliyonse.Ngakhale kuti boma nthawi zambiri limapereka misonkho yocheperapo kwa anthu ndi mabizinesi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa, komanso luso laukadaulo limatha kuthetsa ngongole zamagetsi, mtengo wake woyamba ndi wokwera kwambiri moti ambiri sangaganizire.

Zida zopangira mphamvu za dzuwa ndizolemeranso.Kuti muthe kukonzanso kapena kukhazikitsa ma solar padenga la nyumba, denga liyenera kukhala lolimba, lalikulu, lolunjika kunjira ya dzuwa.

Ukadaulo wokhazikika komanso wosasunthika wa dzuwa umadalira zinthu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira, monga nyengo ndi kuphimba mitambo.Madera akumaloko akuyenera kufufuzidwa kuti adziwe ngati mphamvu yadzuwa ingakhale yothandiza kapena ayi.

Kuwala kwadzuwa kuyenera kukhala kochuluka komanso kosasinthasintha kuti mphamvu ya dzuwa ikhale yabwino.M'malo ambiri Padziko Lapansi, kusinthasintha kwa dzuwa kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ngati gwero lokha la mphamvu.