Sunlar Mphamvu ndi mtundu uliwonse wa mphamvu zopangidwa ndi dzuwa.

Sunlar Mphamvu imapangidwa ndi magwiridwe anyukiliya omwe amachitika dzuwa. Fusion imachitika pamene mapuloni a maatomu a hydrogen mwamphamvu amalumikizana ndi dzuwa ndikusintha kuti apange aromu.

Njirayi, yotchedwa pp (proton-proton) momwe amagwirizira, imatulutsa mphamvu zochuluka. Pachiyambi chake, dzuwa limafalikira kwa matani 620 miliyoni a hydrogen sekondi iliyonse. Chingwe cha PP chimachitika mu nyenyezi zina zomwe zili pafupifupi kukula kwa dzuwa lathu, ndikuwapatsa mphamvu zosalekeza ndi kutentha. Kutentha kwa nyenyezi izi kuli pafupifupi madigiri 4 miliyoni pa sikelo ya Kelvin (pafupifupi madigiri 4 miliyoni Celsius, madigiri 7 miliyoni Fahrenheit).

Mu nyenyezi zomwe zili pafupifupi 1.3 zokulirapo kuposa dzuwa, kuzungulira kwa CNT kumapangitsa mphamvu. Kuzungulira kwa cN Pakadali pano, ochepera awiri a mphamvu ya dzuwa amapangidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa CNT.

Kusintha kwa nyukiliya ndi ma pp assine kapena kuzungulira kwa CNT kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri mu mawonekedwe ndi ma tinthu. Mphamvu za dzuwa nthawi zonse zimayenda nthawi zonse kuchokera ku dzuwa ndi dongosolo lonse la dzuwa. Mphamvu za dzuwa limatentha dziko lapansi, zimayambitsa mphepo ndi nyengo, ndikuchirikiza nyama ndi nyama.

Mphamvu, kutentha, komanso kuwala kuchokera dzuwa kutuluka mwa mawonekedwe a radiation yamagetsi (Emr).

Spectromagnettic Spectrum ilipo ngati mafunde osiyanasiyana ndi mafunde. Kuchuluka kwa funde kumayimira kuchuluka kangati komwe mafunde amadzibwereza yokha mu gawo lina la nthawi. Mafunde okhala ndi mafayilo ofupikira kwambiri amadzibwereza kangapo mu gawo la nthawi yambiri, motero amakhala apamwamba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi izi, mafunde otsika ochepera amakhala ndi miyeso yayitali.

Mafunde ambiri a elekitomic saonekera kwa ife. Mafunde othamanga kwambiri omwe amapangidwa ndi dzuwa ndi ma rays, ma X-ray, ndi radiation radiation (ma rays uv). Ma ray owopsa kwambiri a UV amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndi mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi. Mafuta ocheperako a UV amayenda mumlengalenga, ndipo amatha kutentha ndi dzuwa.

Dzuwa limatulutsanso radiation, mavesi ake ndi otsika kwambiri. Kutentha kwambiri kuchokera ku dzuwa kumafika ngati mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu.

Sakanidwa pakati pa infrared ndi UV ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe ali ndi mitundu yonse yomwe tikuwona padziko lapansi. Mtundu wofiyira uli ndi mafunde ataliatali (pafupi kwambiri ndi infrared), ndi violet (pafupi kwambiri ndi UV) Mpatu.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Zovuta zowonjezera
The infrared, yowoneka, ndi UV yomwe itafika padziko lapansi yotenga nawo mbali yotentha dziko lapansi ndikupangitsa moyo kukhala wotchedwa "wotchedwa" wotchedwa "wotchedwa" wotchedwa "wotchedwa" wotchedwa "Wotchedwa" Wotchedwa "Zotchedwa" Zotchedwa "Wotchedwa" Wotchedwa "The Worthhouse" Aphedwa "."

Pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya mphamvu ya dzuwa yomwe imafika padziko lapansi ikuwonekeranso mlengalenga. Ena onse amatengedwa mlengalenga. Ma radiation amawotha pansi pano, ndipo pamwamba imatulutsa zina mwamphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mafunde opanda kanthu. Akamalowa mlengalenga, amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, monga mpweya wamadzi ndi mpweya woipa.

Greesehouse imang'amba kutentha komwe kumadziwonetsa mlengalenga. Mwanjira imeneyi, amakhala ngati makoma agalasi a wowonjezera kutentha. Kuongokula kobiriwira kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti padziko lapansi zizikhala zokwanira kukhala ndi moyo.

Photosynthesis
Pafupifupi moyo wonse padziko lapansi amadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa chakudya, kaya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira.

Opanga amadalira mwachindunji pa mphamvu ya dzuwa. Amatenga dzuwa ndikusintha kukhala michere kudzera mu njira yotchedwa photosynthesis. Opanga ma autroprophs, amaphatikizidwanso mbewu, algae, mabakiteriya, ndi bowa. Autombhs ndi maziko a chakudya.

Ogwiritsa ntchito amadalira opanga michere. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, ndi detimores amadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa. Herbivores amadya zomera ndi ena. Carninores ndi omnivores amadya onse opanga ndi herbivores. Dettivores akhazikitsa zinthu ndi nyama pongowononga.

Mafuta Opaka
Photosynthesis ndiomwe amachititsanso mafuta onse ofutukuka padziko lapansi. Asayansi akuyerekeza kuti pafupifupi zaka mabiliyoni atatu zapitazo, oyambira ku Autofy adasinthidwa m'madzi. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kuloledwa moyo kuti usangalale ndikusintha. Pambuyo pa autotrophs adamwalira, adasenza ndikusintha mozama padziko lapansi, nthawi zina mamitala masauzande. Izi zidapitilira kwa zaka mamiliyoni.

Pansi pa zovuta kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri, zotsalazi zitakhala zomwe timadziwa ngati mafuta osanja. Microorganism idakhala petroleum, gasi lachilengedwe, ndi malasha.

Anthu apanga njira zowonjezera mafuta zakale ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Komabe, mafuta osungirako zakale ndi chinthu chosatha. Amatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kupanga.

Khalani ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa

Mphamvu za dzuwa ndi gwero lokonzanso, ndipo matekinoloje ambiri amatha kukolola mwachindunji kuti agwiritse ntchito m'nyumba, mabizinesi, masukulu, ndi zipatala. Matekinolo ena a dzuwa amaphatikizapo ma stchelogical ndi mapanelo, mphamvu zambiri zapamwamba, komanso zomangamanga.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira radiation ya dzuwa ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamphamvu za dzuwa kapena mphamvu zapamwamba.

Maukadaulo okhazikika amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi kapena zamagetsi kuti athe kusintha mphamvu ya dzuwa m'njira zina, nthawi zambiri kutentha kapena magetsi. Maukadaulo a Paste Stute sagwiritsa ntchito zida zakunja zilizonse. M'malo mwake, amagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamtundu wakomweko ku nyumba zotentha nthawi yachisanu, ndikuwonetsa kutentha nthawi yotentha.

Chithunzi

Chithunzi Becquerel adazindikira kuti atayika siliva-chloride mu yankho la acidic ndikuwonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa, ma elekinodes a platinamu omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi magetsi. Njira yopangira magetsi motere kuchokera ku radiation ya dzuwa imatchedwa chithunzi cha Photovoltac, kapena zithunzi.

Masiku ano, zithunzi mwina njira yodziwika bwino yochitira mphamvu dzuwa. Photovovoltaic arrays nthawi zambiri imakhudzana ndi mapanelo a dzuwa, zopereka za anthu ambiri kapena ma cell mazana a solar.

Cell iliyonse imakhala ndi semiconductor, nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi silicon. Pamene Semicoctictor ikamayamwa dzuwa, imagogoda ma elekitironi. Munda wamagetsi umawongolera ma elekitoni otayirira m'makono, amayenda mbali imodzi. Machesi achitsulo pamwamba ndi pansi pa cell ya dzuwa ikuwongolera zomwe zilipo kunja kwa chinthu chakunja. Chinthu chakunja chimatha kukhala chaching'ono ngati chowerengera cholembera kapena chokulirapo ngati malo opangira mphamvu.

Photovovoltaics idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pa spacecraft. Satellites ambiri, kuphatikiza malo apadziko lonse lapansi (nkhani), miyala yosiyanasiyana, yoonedwa "ya mapaneli a dzuwa. Isayi ili ndi mapiko awiri a solar (mapedi), aliyense akugwiritsa ntchito maselo pafupifupi 33,000 a dzuwa. Maselo awa a zithunzi izi amapereka magetsi onse ku nkhaniyo, kulola nyenyezi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito malo, amakhala bwino malo kwa miyezi yambiri panthawi, komanso kuchita zoyesa za sayansi ndi evinec.

Maudindo opanga Photovoltac amangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Malo ophatikizika ndi ku United States, India, ndi China. Maulamuliro awa amatulutsa ma megawatts mazana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka nyumba, mabizinesi, masukulu, masukulu, ndi zipatala.

Tekinololtaltaltagic Incology ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pamlingo wocheperako. Mapulogalamu a dzuwa ndi maselo amatha kukhazikika padenga kapena makhoma akunja a nyumba, akupereka magetsi kuti apatsidwe. Amatha kuyikidwa m'misewu kumisewu waukulu. Ma cell a dzuwa ndi ochepa mphamvu mpaka mphamvu ngakhale zida zazing'ono, monga zowerengera, mamita oimirira, mapangidwe opangira zinyalala, ndi mapampu amadzi.

Khazikitsani mphamvu ya dzuwa

Mtundu wina wa ukadaulo wogwira ntchito solar umakhazikika pa dzuwa mphamvu kapena mphamvu zambiri za dzuwa (CSP). Tekinoloje ya CSP imagwiritsa ntchito magalasi komanso magalasi kuti ayang'ane (kuyang'ana)) kuchokera kudera lalikulu kukhala malo ocheperako. Kukhazikika kwa ma radiation kumatentha madzimadzi, omwe amatulutsa magetsi kapena kumapangitsa chinthu china.

DZIKO LAPANSI NDI CHITSANZO CHA DZIKO LAPANSI. Pali mitundu yambiri yazida za dzuwa, kuphatikizapo nsanja zamagetsi zokwera, ziwembu za paraberi, ndi owunikira ma fresnel. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo kuti agwire ndikusintha mphamvu.

Tolar mphamvu yamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito heliyastats, magalasi athyathyathya omwe amatembenukira kuti atsatire arc a dzuwa kudutsa thambo. Migayo yakonzedwa mozungulira "nsanja ya osonkhanira", ndikuwonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa mu kuwala komwe kumawala kwambiri.

M'mbuyomu nsanja zamagetsi, nyali yowonjezereka idatentha chidebe chamadzi, chomwe chimatulutsa nthunzi. Posachedwa, malo ena owonjezera dzuwa amagwiritsa ntchito sodium, yomwe imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri ndikusunga nthawi yayitali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzimadzi samangobwera kutentha kwa 773 mpaka 1,273k (500 ° mpaka 1,000 ° C kapena 932 ° F), koma imatha kupitilirabe kuwira madziwo ngakhale dzuwa silikuwala.

Zovala za Paraborics ndi owonerera a Fresnel amagwiritsanso ntchito, koma magalasi awo amasiyana mosiyana. Migapato ya parabolic imapindika, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chishalo. Owonetsera Fresnel amagwiritsa ntchito malo owonda, owonda agalasi kuti ajambule dzuwa ndikuwongolera chubu chamadzimadzi. Oyang'anira Fresnel amakhala ndi malo ambiri kuposa mitsuko ya paraboric ndipo imatha kuyang'ana kwambiri dzuwa pafupifupi 30 nthawi zambiri.

Kukhazikika kwa mayular mphamvu zamagetsi kumayambitsidwa koyamba m'ma 1980s. Malo akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi mbewu zingapo ku Mojave Chipululu ku US State of California. Njira yopanga mphamvu yopanga mphamvu (ma segs) imatulutsa maola oposa 650 gigawatt magetsi a magetsi chaka chilichonse. Zomera zina zazikulu komanso zothandiza zapangidwa ku Spain ndi India.

Mphamvu zambiri za dzuwa imatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamlingo wocheperako. Imatha kupanga kutentha kwa ovota a dzuwa, mwachitsanzo. Anthu m'midzi padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito zosenza zosenzanitsa dzuwa kuti ziulitse madzi ndikuphika chakudya.

Onyamula dzuwa amapereka zabwino zambiri pa masitovu oyaka nkhuni: si vuto loyaka moto, osapanga utsi, safuna mafuta, ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa malo omwe mitengo imakololedwa. Onyamula dzuwa amathandizanso anthu am'mudzi kuti akagwire maphunziro, bizinesi, thanzi, kapena banja m'nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamoto wamoto. Onyamula dzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, ku Chad., India, ndi Peru.

DZIKO LAPANSI

Panthawi yonse ya tsiku, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi gawo limodzi la kutentha kwa mafuta, kapena kusuntha kwa kutentha kuchokera kumalo ofunda kupita kumalo ozizira. Dzuwa likatuluka, limayamba kutentha ndi zinthu padziko lapansi. Tsiku lonse, zinthuzi zimatenga kutentha kudzera mwa radiation ya dzuwa. Usiku, pomwe dzuwa litalowa ndipo mlengalenga wakhazikika, zinthuzo zimabwezeretsa kutentha kwawo mumlengalenga.

Njira zopitira dzuwa ndi zotulukapo zamagetsi zimapezerapo mwayi pa kutentha kwachilengedwe komanso kozizira.

Nyumba zina zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapamwamba kuti muchepetse kutentha mokwanira komanso motsika mtengo. Kuwerengera "mafuta" a nyumba "ndi chitsanzo cha izi. Mafuta opangira nyumba ndi ochulukirapo tsiku lonse. Zitsanzo za kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi matabwa, chitsulo, konkriti, dongo, kapena matope. Usiku, kuteteza misa kumatulutsa kutentha kwake mchipinda. Njira zothandizira mpweya wabwino - mavisys, mawindo, ndi mpweya, kugawa mpweya wowotchera ndikukhala ndi kutentha kwa mkatikati.

Tekinoloji yotupa nthawi zambiri imakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka nyumbayo. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo la zomangamanga, injiniya kapena wopanga angagwirizane ndi nyumbayo ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kuti alandire kuchuluka kwa dzuwa. Njirayi imawunikira kutalika kwake, malo okhala, komanso mtambo wamba wa dera linalake. Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba zimatha kupangidwa kapena kubwezeretsedwanso kuti mukhale ndi zotchinga zamafuta, zamafuta, kapena shading yowonjezera.

Zitsanzo zina za kapangidwe ka zomanga za mafala kwalanga ndizozizira, zotchinga zozizwitsa, ndi madenga obiriwira. Madenga ozizira amapaka utoto woyera, ndikuwonetsa radiation ya dzuwa m'malo mongotenga. Zoyera zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumafika mkati mwa nyumbayo, komwe kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti kuziziritsa nyumbayo.

Zotchinga zozizwitsa zimagwiranso ntchito padenga lozizira. Amapereka kuperewera ndi zida zowonetsera kwambiri, monga zojambulazo. Chojambulacho chikuwonetsa, m'malo monyamula, kutentha, ndipo kumachepetsa kuzizira kumawononga mpaka 10 peresenti. Kuphatikiza pa madenga ndi zinsinsi, zotchinga zozizwitsa zitha kukhazikitsidwa pansi pa pansi.

Madenga obiriwira amakhala padenga omwe amaphimbidwa ndi masamba. Amafuna nthaka ndi kuthilira kuthandizira mbewuzo, ndi kusanjikiza madzi pansi. Madenga obiriwira samangochepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumalowetsedwa kapena kutayika, komanso kumayambitsa masamba. Kudzera mu photosynthesis, mbewu zomwe zimamera padenga zimatenga mpweya woipa ndikutulutsa mpweya. Amasefa zodetsa kunja kwa madzi amvula ndi mpweya, ndikuchotsa zina mwamphamvu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'malo amenewo.

Denga lobiriwira lakhala chikhalidwe ku Scandinavia kwazaka zambiri, ndipo posachedwapa atchuka ku Australia, Western Europe, Canada, ndi United States. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la Ford Motor linaphimba mamita 42,000 (mita 450,000 ya Msonkhano wake) la Msonkhano wake, 050,000 la msonkhano waukulu wa padenga la OKONDA, Michigan, ndi masamba. Kuphatikiza pa kupatsa mpweya wobiriwira, madenga amachepetsa madzi othamanga potenga mazira masentimita angapo.

Madenga obiriwira ndi madenga ozizira amathanso kuthana ndi "kutentha kwa kutentha" zotsatira. M'mizinda yotanganidwa, kutentha kumatha kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa madera oyandikana nawo. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimathandizira izi: Mizinda imapangidwa ndi zida monga phulali ndi konkriti yomwe imatenga kutentha; nyumba zazitali zimatchinga mphepo ndi zozizirira zake; Ndipo kutentha kwakukulu kumapangidwa ndi makampani, magalimoto, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe ali padenga kuti kubzala mitengo, kapena kuwonetsa kutentha ndi madenga oyera, amatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwakumaloko kumawonjezeka madera akumatauni.

Mphamvu ndi anthu

Popeza kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawalira pafupifupi theka la tsiku m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi, matelonomiyuno a dzuwa amayenera kuphatikiza njira zosungira mphamvu nthawi yamvula.

Mafuta a mafuta amagwiritsa ntchito phala la parafini kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamchere kuti musunge mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha. Makina a Photovoltaic amatha kutumiza magetsi owonjezera ku Grid Gridic, kapena sungani mphamvu m'mabatire obwezeretsanso.

Pali zabwino zambiri komanso zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa.

Ubwino
Mwayi waukulu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa ndikuti ndi gwero labwinonso. Tidzakhala ndi kuwala kokhazikika, kopanda malire kwa zaka pafupifupi biliyoni. Mu ola limodzi, mlengalenga wa padziko lapansi umalandira kuwala kokwanira kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya aliyense padziko lapansi pachaka.

Mphamvu za dzuwa ndi zoyera. Pambuyo pa zida zamagetsi zamadzimadzi zimapangidwa ndikuyika, mphamvu za dzuwa sizifunikira ntchito yamafuta. Sizinatchulenso mpweya wowonjezera kapena zinthu zoopsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri momwe timakhudzira chilengedwe.

Pali malo omwe mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi yothandiza. Nyumba ndi nyumba m'malo okhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mtambo wotsika pamtambo kumakhala ndi mwayi wogwirizira mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Opanga dzuwa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yophikira ndi zitoto zoyaka nkhuni, zomwe anthu awiri mabiliyoni amadalirabe. Onyamula solar amapereka njira yoyera komanso yotetezeka yotsutsira madzi ndikuphika chakudya.

Sunlar Energy imakwaniritsa magwero enanso omwe mungakhale ndi mphepo kapena mphepo kapena hydroelectric mphamvu.

Nyumba kapena mabizinesi omwe amakhazikitsa mapanelo a dzuwa amatha kupanga magetsi owonjezera. Omwe nyumba kapena akatswiri azamalonda amatha kugulitsa mphamvu m'malo operekera magetsi, kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa ngongole zamphamvu.

Zovuta
Cholepheretsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa ndi zida zofunika. Mafuta a ukadaulo aukadaulo ndi okwera mtengo. Kugula ndi kukhazikitsa zida kungawononge madola masauzande omwe ali ndi nyumba. Ngakhale boma nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi misonkho kwa anthu ndi mabizinesi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa, ndipo ukadaulo ungathetse ngongole zamagetsi, mtengo woyambirira ndi wokwera kwambiri kwa ambiri kuti aganizire.

Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndizolemeranso. Pofuna kubwezeretsanso kapena kukhazikitsa mapanelo a dzuwa padenga la nyumba, padenga liyenera kukhala lamphamvu, lalikulu, komanso lolowera panjira ya Dzuwa.

Tekinoloji yogwira ndi kulingana kwapamwamba imadalira zinthu zomwe sizingatheke, monga nyengo ndi mtambo. Madera akumaloko ayenera kuphunzira kuti adziwe ngati mphamvu kapena ayi.

Kuwala kwa dzuwa kuyenera kukhala kochuluka komanso kosasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa dzuwa kuti zikhale zosankha bwino. M'malo ambiri padziko lapansi, kusintha kwa dzuwa kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukhazikitsa ngati mphamvu yamphamvu.